Collated by Tusar Nath Mohapatra
M.N. Roy's Radical Humanism prioritizes individual freedom, reason, and a scientific mindset, viewing the individual as the ultimate source of authority and a departure from Marxism. In contrast, Deendayal Upadhyaya's Integral Humanism emphasizes the holistic integration of the individual with society, the universe, and spiritual values, advocating for a decentralized society rooted in India's cultural heritage and rejecting Western-centric ideologies like pure individualism or socialism. Both philosophies reject materialism and dogmatism but differ significantly in their approach to individualism versus community and the role of tradition.
M.N. Roy's Radical Humanism
- Core principles: Prioritizes individual liberty, freedom, and rationalism. It is considered a "philosophy of freedom" that emphasizes reason and scientific thinking.
- Individualism: Places the individual above all institutions, including the state and society.
- Rejection of dogma: Critiques and rejects dogmatic ideologies like traditional Marxism and authoritarianism.
- Approach: Advocates for a secular, democratic society based on human rights, equality, and justice, with decisions guided by reason and evidence.
Deendayal Upadhyaya's Integral Humanism
- Core principles: Proposes a holistic view of human existence, integrating the physical, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of the individual within their environment.
- Community and spirituality: Believes in the interdependence of the individual and society, and that a nation's identity is rooted in its cultural and spiritual heritage ("Chiti").
- Rejection of Western models: Critiques modern Western concepts like pure individualism, socialism, and capitalism, which it believes do not fit India's unique context.
- Approach: Advocates for a decentralized political and economic model with the village at its base and a national identity rooted in its own culture, not imported ideologies.
Key differences
| Feature | Radical Humanism (M.N. Roy) | Integral Humanism (Deendayal Upadhyaya) |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Primacy of the individual | Holistic integration of the individual, society, and universe |
| Source of values | Reason, science, and individual ethics | Cultural and spiritual heritage, balanced material and spiritual existence |
| Relationship with tradition | Rejection of dogma and tradition | Integration of traditional cultural and spiritual values |
| Approach to society | Secular, democratic, and based on individual rights | Decentralized, with the village as the basic unit, and rooted in national "Chiti" |
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