Tuesday, December 22, 2009

Rights, Justice, & Religion


Eastern Christianity and the Cold War, 1945-91

Despite widespread persecution, Orthodox churches not only survived the Cold War period but levels of religiosity in Orthodox countries remained significant. This book examines the often surprising relations between Orthodox churches and political regimes. It provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics between Eastern Christianity and politics from the end of the Second World War to the fall of communism, covering 40 Orthodox churches including diasporic churches in Africa, Asia, America and Australia.

Based on research from recently-opened archives and publications in a wide range of European languages, it analyses church-state relations on both sides of the Iron Curtain. It discusses the following key themes: the relationship between Orthodox churches and political power; religious resistance to communism; the political control of churches; religion and propaganda; monasticism and theological publications; religious diplomacy within the Orthodox commonwealth; and religious contacts between East and West. ISBN: 9780415471978 Published December 22 2009 by Routledge.

Nicholas Wolterstorff’s fear of the secular


Evolution of the real man within is the right object of education














In the present era of information capitalism, economic liberalization and WTO, legal profession in India has to cater to the needs of a new brand of legal consumer/client namely the foreign companies or collaborations. In the changed scenario, the additional roles by law professionals to play are that of policy planner, business advisor, negotiator among interest groups, experts in articulation and communication of ideas, mediator, lobbyist, law reformer etc. Due to expanding role of law professionals our curriculum should be enriched with all interdisciplinary courses which are must to produce the competent law professionals of generation.
An Overview:
Spiritually, it is believed that the life on the earth is regulated by the laws of the Lord or the Divinity. It is rule of law, that draws the essential difference between human society and animal world. It is the legal education that plays an important role in promoting social justice. Education or awareness of laws, characterize the lawyers as "Social engineers". man is inwardly a soul and a conscious power of the Divine and that the evolution of this real man within is the right object of education and indeed of all human life. "Sri Aurobindo"
Imparting of legal education has always been considered as one to the noblest profession. Today, legal education derives its impetus from the economic, social and political set up of the society. Legal profession is objectively in the position of producing Statesmen. This is due to two reasons
(1) Lawyers belong to an independent profession. They are not subordinate to the government or to anyone else, and
(2) They are directly in contact with society in its entirety as they have to deal with all kinds of problems of people from all sections of society, unlike say, doctors who are confined to technical problems. Hence lawyers are the people who are most conversant with the problems of society as a whole. Posted By: Dr. Tabrez Ahmad on December 21, 2009 Articles Legal Education In Indian Perspective 
Death as a Process of Life « Sri Aurobindo Studies  Sri Aurobindo Studies. Sri Aurobindo's Integral Yoga. « The Limitations of Life: Death, Desire and Incapacity. Death as a Process of Life. By sriaurobindostudies. “Death is imposed on the individual life both by the conditions of its ...
R.K.SINGH: Indian English Poet: INDIAN POETRY IN ENGLISH: A ...  The book is a collection of Amar Nath Prasad's eight or nine published articles on some of the major Indian English poets such as Henry Derozio, Toru Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, Sri Aurobindo, Vivekananda, Nissim Ezekiel, ... 
CM opens decked up Marina  Express Buzz An organization like Auroville can do wonders in these kind of Social projects... Let the Chennai Coporation and the current incumbents show some vision and ... 

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

Wealth has a role but a subservient one

Theology of Money – Final Reflections
from An und für sich by Anthony Paul Smith

The summary aspect of our book event ended over the weekend and I feel it was overall a success. I want to thank all those who participated in the book event. There were some interesting thoughts put forward for future work in the comments and I hope that we see some work that builds off of Goodchild’s coming from folks like Clayton and Lissa. I hope that those readers throughout the blogosophere that linked to us over the book event will feel free to use this post to continue any discussion as they digest the method and concepts in Theology of Money.

Below you’ll find an index to the individual summaries and Goodchild’s response. Thanks, finally, to Adam, Brad, Lissa, Michael, Alex, Clayton, and Dan for the outstanding job on the summaries.
An index to the posts is provided here:
Preface to the US Edition and Introduction
1. Power
2. The End of Modernity
3. Ecology of Money
4. Politics of Money
5. Theology of Money
6. Metaphysics & Credit
7. The Price of Credit
8. A Modest Proposal: Evaluative Credit
Conclusion: On Redemption
Response from Philip Goodchild
Again, for those who were unable to keep up with the pace of reading, please feel free to use this post for further discussion.

Studying wealth in the calm of Pondicherry : Cutting The Edge By Gautam Chikermane

And suddenly, there are people, tourists largely, thronging the narrow roads. We take the opportunity to cycle to the market, buy stuff, grab lunch. The markets are chock-a-block, there is little space to move amid another sea of people vying with one another for shopkeepers’ attention. They buy food, shirts, utensils, shoes.

The huddled mass tells me why the Indian economy is growing — and why it will continue to grow. This growth, however, is leaving scars of wealth on the once laidback town, now bustling city of Pondicherry. This is a town that along with Auroville in Tamil Nadu and about 8 km from here is possibly the spiritual base of the world. Wealth has a role but a subservient one — not the overwhelming dominance that it has everywhere else I’ve been and seen.

Back in the balcony and writing this piece makes me wonder just what in hell’s name am I upto analysing a paper in the middle of my vacation, my teerth-yatra? Posted by Gautam Chikermane on Monday, December 14, 2009 at 7:42 pm blogs.hindustantimes.com 8:35 AM

The personification of qualities is common to the Hindu mind, as it was to the ancient Greek, and most non-scientific cultures

Reviews Written by Bhavana Dee "Bhavana" (Lantana, Florida, USA)
Connecting Inner Power with Global Change: The Fractal Ladder (Response Books) by Pravir Malik
How Fractals can help you save the world, December 11, 2009

Here's a sincere but informal sort of introduction to a new book, Connecting Inner Power to Global Change, by Pravir Malik who has been a teacher at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram School in India, as well as a very successful big business consultant in America.

I like reading books written by friends, especially if my friend happens to be especially smart as well as wise. I had read Pravir's previous two books on management, and what i liked best about them was the prevailing sense that the higher state of consciousness which would be needed is in fact available, so despite its dauntingly dense writing style i read Connecting Inner Power to Global Change through to the end, jotting down again and again people i thought would like to read it - came to 18 by the time i'd finished, and i was so enthusiastic i posted it on facebook.

Essentially, this book uses the ultra-modern concept of "fractals" to explain how, on many levels, ones individual efforts can "save the world". For those who may not be familiar with the term, French-American mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot, has proved to the scientific community's satisfaction that one way of understanding the universe is to see it as a repetition of basic patterns (fractals) at all scales, smaller and larger, like cauliflower, or broccoli. In this book, Pravir poses the essential pattern, the fractal which underlies our existence, as physical-vital-mental. Aurobindonians will recognise this immediately.

He then goes on to point out in detail how it appears again and again wherever we look: in the sky: morning day night; in the individual: body emotions mind; in evolution: plants animals humans; in culture: agricultural-age industrial-age information-age; in business: factory employees management or raw-materials production profit; in thought: pragmatism hedonism idealism; in digital economy: brochure-ware e-commerce re-conceptualisation; in the energy industry: carbon-based maximising-energy-flow alternative-renewable-energy; in global politics: physical-prowess cold-war globalisation; in the exchange rate: gold-standard balance-of-power real-time-creativity; in physics: atomic-view quantum-view unifying-view; in bio-mimicry: form-and-function imitation-of-processes whole-systems-view; in organisational design: silo-mentality process-view raison-d'etre. If we look around and notice its ubiquity enough to be convinced, then we may notice also that there is an inherent order of the three parts, a progression from one to the next, a fractal compulsion to complete the pattern, and that a failure to complete the order, a stagnation or diversion, produces disharmony, discomfort, ....

Very meticulously over several chapters, the author points out other inherent qualities of the three parts of this ubiquitous fractal, and also shows how each part of a fractal contains within it the three fractals. So the physical part of a business, for instance, will have a physical-physical part (the tangible assets), and physical-vital part (the tangible energy such as cash), and physical-mental (intangible assets such as goodwill). The same is true of the vital and mental parts. Every fractal is part of a larger fractal, and contains the smaller fractals. The picture on the cover of the book is very helpful in opening the mind to the stupendous complexity and yet utter simplicity of the idea, and the author has also provided many charts to illustrate the ideas as they apply to business. As one reads, one can experience how coming to know and recognise this pattern is itself an act of participating in the progression in ones own self, strengthening the mental appreciation of our situation, completing the pattern.

There were two places where the book particularly lighted me up: 1. The description of the world economy and its stuck-ness in the vital stage; and 2. The personification of Progress and our possibility of identifying with her, completing the fractal triad in oneself, and in so doing influencing the movement of completion on all levels of fractal.

1. We are presently in the last trenches of the Vital Phase of global economic growth. The writing style of this book is extremely careful - ideas are introduced slowly and very elaborately, and are always posed politely, introduced with "perhaps" or "may". This can be a bit ponderous, but sets an appropriate seriousness of mood; new ideas which might be dismissed lightly are given their proper weight. So, i was pleased and excited when the focus turned to global economics, and i began to see the very aspects of it that i find so drastically "off" and threatening clearly comprehended and explained by this theory. The global economy, in this view, is in its vital phase, about to transition into the mental. The "progress" vaunted popularly is within the vital, whereas the progress which is needed is to move into the mental. Within the vital phase we have seen the agricultural-industrial-digital sub-fractals following each other spontaneously, evincing progressively more successful achievement of physical, energetic and purposeful service of the vital aim of freeing flows of energy by maximum expression of all the parts. The excesses which we see today, the exhaustion of the physical basis, the rampages of the irresponsible corporation, the reduction of human values to serve the profit-motive, signify that this phase has reached its completion, and it is time to move on to a mental phase of economy, in which the physical and vital tendencies serve the higher ideals of humanity, not the aggrandisement of business. And how is this is to be accomplished? As more and more of the people driving the economy have themselves completed the physical-vital-mental fractal within their individual beings, and hence make the appropriate shifts in the business realm. Most of us have experienced in our individual lives the inertia and laziness which impedes personal development, the satisfaction of greeds which does not bring mental peace, and how in order to truly succeed we need to overcome these backward tending impulses and move toward our ideals. The same has to be done on the level of business and global economy, and will be done only as the individual decision makers are completing their own fractal progressions which then reflect in their policy decisions.

2. Progress as Mother: And here we move into the personification of Progress and Her help in this endeavour. To me, in reading this book, i have felt that it is aimed at an Indian audience. For one thing, the level of intellectuality would be lost on most American businessmen; it would take the Indian mind to enjoy the complexity, and also the sly introduction of traditional concepts in new language. (It's fun finding the gunas, or the ashramas, or Boomadevi peeking their impudent heads up in a wry peek-a-boo amidst the dry logic.) The personification of qualities is common to the Hindu mind, as it was to the ancient Greek, and most non-scientific cultures - myths in fact are fractal, assuming that metaphor is true and what is so above is so below. However, for the sake of globalised secular science and impersonal logic, the author has pointed out the quality of progress as inherent in the sequence of physical-vital-mental. It is recognised as the driver of the process, and when so understood can be called upon to assist in resisting the backward-tending influences of the status-quo and wild expansions.

Progress, "like a mother," he says, wants to see her children, at every scale, find their fulfilment in completing the sequence, and is always there to help. The logical materialist part of my mind really appreciates this take on the matter [sic]. And this evolutionary Force, Progress, can be tapped into through Her four qualities: perfection, adventure, knowledge and harmony. We can nurture the uniqueness of our deepest self by attaching to and encouraging any and all of these four qualities in ourselves. When we dare to stand for and live by perfection, adventure, knowledge and harmony, when we see our mental-intuitive questioning and harmonising prevailing over the inertia and indulgence of the physical-vital, we are completing the fractal pattern, and freeing our unique self to make decisions which will change policy in all the organisations and systems of which we are part.

For a book written for businessmen by a business consultant, the depth of the description of the misguided and depraved nature of the effect of the physical-vital orientation of business on the global scene is both surprising and welcome, and its lethal power is not understated, despite the faith in fractal pressure which ensures that the inevitable transition into the mental-intuitive will occur - either later or sooner. The possible times and natures of the transition, be it resisted and painful or welcomed and smooth, are as carefully described as had been the fractal theory and the wake-up calls of ecological disaster and social upheaval. The possible scenarios of what life will be like when we've Progressed into a society led by the mental-intuitive fractal are recognisable and inspiring, and it becomes clear that the key to the change is with us and our own efforts to progress with the physical-vital-mental sequence as a guideline.

An encouraging sign of the truth of what is being proposed by this book is that the ideas of evolutionary spirituality, conscious evolution, and integral progress are now widespread among the thinking young worldwide. They know about Sri Aurobindo, they know about Teilhard de Chardin, they have Barbara Marx Hubbard, Andrew Cohen, Ken Wilber teaching them and they are not only connecting the dots, they have their own powerful experiences and sense of evolution within them, driving them. When they write and speak, they are not overawed devotees, but co-creators of the new world foreseen by the older visionaries. There are numerous websites offering downloadable talks, and on-line week- and month-long seminars bring in 15,000+ participants. They can already see the evidences of the new consciousness coming into focus in quantum physics and microbiology, in alternative technologies and renewable energies, in complementary currencies and ecological businesses, in social networking on the internet and the plethora of grassroots movements... Connecting Inner Power to Global Change is part of this blossoming, addressing particularly the business community, which is a crucial niche. Comment Permalink Reviewer's Tags: consciousness, fractals, healing, new age, quantum physics, spirituality, transformation

The Ascent of Humanity by Charles Eisenstein
Age of Reunion and Auroville, December 11, 2009

As i read on and on in The Ascent of Humanity, i felt a rising sense of delight, of surprised recognition, and deep discovery - here was someone who was 4 years old when i joined the international city-of-the-future project called Auroville in India [[...]] where we have been attempting for the last 40 years just what he's now discovering and talking about, a guy who's never heard of the great sage and visionary Sri Aurobindo but who has through his own prolific researches, cogitations and deep personal experiences come to the same prognosis for humanity: it's time for a new consciousness, one based on a sense of the Oneness, with each other, with nature, with the cosmos.

As an Aurovilian, i live in an atmosphere created by the founders which takes the premises on which his book is based for granted. Sri Aurobindo and the Mother experienced this new consciousness at the turn of the 20th century, and in realising it deeply in their own minds and bodies, developing it within themselves, sharing it with their associates, writing and speaking about it, establishing Auroville to await it, brought it into the earth consciousness so it could be more easily discovered and realised thereafter.

The Auroville experiment has not been an easy one, we are asked to build a city of the future, a city where there would be no need of laws, no need of money, no need of religion - where we would live as willing servitors of the Truth Consciousness... As Eisenstein says, where we would reconceptualise the self, no longer as separate and competing with others in a meaningless mechanical world, but as a conscious contributing part of a universe inherently creative and purposeful, and, Sri Aurobindo would add, conscious. But as we are not yet in this new consciousness, it has been an on-going struggle, one which could be of great interest for the anthropologists of the future to investigate and document, and learn from. Eisenstein's book takes the reader on a profound intellectual journey - back to the beginnings of culture, through the history of widening the gap between man and nature to the extreme alienation of modern society which cannot seem to kick its energy habit even to save the world. And he doesn't drop us there in despair, on a heating up planet wracked with war.

In a torrent of vivid descriptions in Chapter 7 he assures the reader that despite his being fully aware of the impending environmental crises, the financial breakdown, the international political paralysis, the unstoppable momentum of economic "development," the failure of schools to educate, the threat to health of potential pandemics, toxic waste pollution and medical treatment itself, and especially the turning of science on itself, undermining certainty, objectivity, even reason....he still sees a momentous change following the convergence of crises, the dawning of an Age of Reunion, a shift of consciousness "not predicated upon any sort of technological invention, nor... on a regression in our technological level." It's about a shift in consciousness, it's about coming out of the collective delusion of a discrete and separate self on which our culture is based, and which in its multifarious manifestations in all aspects of life is taken to its extreme today, and will result in its collapse. And then, the new consciousness will kick in, the many seeds of the new forms that will emerge out of the compost of the old are already to be seen: renewable energy, wastewater recycling, eco-technologies, local currency, reforestation and wetland preservation, political reform, child-centered education, holistic healing, ubiquitous communication....

So, what Charles Eisenstein offers the Aurovilian/Aurobindonian is a brilliantly worked out detail about the times of change we are in. What Sri Aurobindo, writing in the 20s-40s, could only describe in its broad outlines, Charles can see in its manifestation, and this intellectual insight and description can help us through the catastrophic times ahead. And what Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in their written legacy and Auroville in its living manifestation offer to Eisenstein is a profound context of spiritual vision and 40 years of facing the enormous practical difficulties of trying to be open to that change of consciousness which he seems to assume will be quite automatic.

I am facing here a problem which i find both Eisenstein and Aurobindo avoid by writing long erudite works - when the ideas are put too simply, they sound "new-agey", a bit too Pollyanna-ish for our sceptical, down-to-earth minds, the very minds which are being invited to consider changing.... alas, what to do? I want to recommend to Aurovilians and students of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother, that they will find reading Charles Eisenstein really heartening, I want to invite Mr. Eisenstein and his followers to take a look at the writings of Sri Aurobindo and to visit Auroville...perhaps there are some really interesting ways we could work together. Comment Permalink

Friday, December 11, 2009

Marx spent scant time writing about how his communism society would look like

Theology of Money – 8. A Modest Proposal: Evaluative Credit
from An und für sich by Alex
Chapter 8 of Theology of Money is a tentative attempt by Goodchild to construct his alternative to the current hegemony of money.

Goodchild begins with a note of caution. The construction and planning of institutions is not something that comes easily to philosophers. While Marx spent much time critiquing the system of capitalism, he spent scant time writing about how his communism society would look like, other than a few fragmentary notes. Philosophers tend towards high levels of abstraction necessary to their craft, that often makes it impossible for them to imagine concrete change.

Yet at the same time, certain philosophers have certainly had a major influence upon our economic life, and often a negative one. But this should not prevent us There are, of course, myriad extant proposals about how to change the current capitalist system, but none begin with the critique embodied in the theology of money. Goodchild proposes to sketch a system that begins with his own critique of the credit-money system. Doubtless, this is again a quite complex chapter, so please forgive the length of this description. [...]

There are many institutions – religious organisations, political lobby groups, charities – that produce evaluations of what matters. Yet these institutions and their evaluations cannot direct credit because they have no authority, no “social effectivity”. The common solution is one of democracy, grounding authority in reason. Yet this fails. First, since the objectivity of objective thought is never fully present, and there is not a universal assent to a value of values (think of the diversity of value of values in the contemporary world) people need to rely on argument and persuasion, rooting social authority in rough consensus. However, consensus is more easily formulated by a singular perspective (like that of money) so it tends to be disrupted by certain forces external to it: starting an inquiry by asking the wrong questions as a result of those set by the dominant system of thought (money, capital), the distraction of the individual enquirer from his or her attention to what matters by the desire for prestige in their field (the respect of peers, the gaining of virtues intrinsic within a practice for there own sake etc.), the fact that research is often directed by money-power and hence evaluation is subordinated to profit rather than investment being subordinate to evaluation. Therefore, for the most part “true philosophers” only identify what they take to be consensus as what is reflected in these three areas.
The solution is to not expect a universal, global evaluation but rather smaller, local evaluations that are sensitive to local needs, consensus only at a local level is what is only required. As well as the partition of the division of labour, that splits workers into doing specific tasks since having a single worker do every task is inefficient , there should also be a division of evaluation. No worker has the correct training to work everywhere and no democratic subject conceivably has all the skills necessary to make evaluations on all topics. Given both the failure of democracy in these respects, and the problems of the theology of money “it is vital to detach social authority that renders evaluations effective from both consensus and debt money” (246).
A partial solution is then for there to be sphere of the economy dedicated to producing and distributing evaluations, both the supply and demand for evaluations. Evaluations are, like goods and services, produced, vital to human life and require specialist skills in their production. This “second tier” of the economy already exists in the religious, political and ethical institutions of civil society that Goodchild initially mentions. What they lack is any real power to make their evaluations occur, since most evaluations are stifled by the power of money flows – hence this tier needs a “new mode of intermediation apart from discourse and apart from money” (246).
This requires an new institution, that like banks and financial institutions currently, who mediate flows of money, mediates “flows of credit to evaluative institutions so as to grant them social effectivity”. You cannot start a business with no capital, equally you cannot make an evaluation effective with no authority. Hence, something like money is needed to enable evaluations to become effective – evaluative credits should circulate with money proper, goods and services. [...]

It is actually surprising how Platonic elements of Goodchild’s analysis are, in the sense that it tends to repeat certain tropes of Plato’s Republic. Though there is a plurality of institutions for doing so, those who create evaluations are removed from the world in a certain way (perhaps a necessary way) in the same way that the guardians are removed from common society. This removal is the most problematic aspect, since it would be very difficult to create pure evaluators while the normal economy was on going. How would one create such divisions?
What worries me the most here is that the money of the bank of evaluative credit is derived from the monetary economy. Though Goodchild does acknowledge this may be problematic, how those within the monetary economy be prevented from “playing” the evaluative bank for investments which continue the destructive cycles of capital. Moreover, some evaluative banks would likely have more funds than others, the evaluative credits would “mean” more in real monetary terms in certain banks than in others. This would lead to these banks of evaluative credit being favoured by evaluative institutions, since evaluative institutions would always seek the evaluative bank that makes their evaluations the most effective; the bank with the most money to invest. This would lead eventually to some degree of the reproduction of the old system, a competition between banks of evaluative credit, where those with most money would still win the day. Considering most money is made by the most destructive short term investments, the most successful bank of evaluative credit may be in part funded by the most destructive elements of the current system. Hence, the system will (at least initially) tend towards the precise same situation, where money-richness trumps.
Finally, how would you go about convincing people to adopt this system? Certainly, there is a persuasive argument in this book that in ecological, economic and even spiritual terms, the current money system needs to go, but this argument is unlikely to convince those who are at the top of the system, even through decent persuasion and certain ethical remonstrations, considering in part they will not accept the authority of this evaluation of global capitalism.

Wednesday, December 09, 2009

Maulana's questions

Against Partition: April 1946 Interview with Abul Kalam Azad
from Communalism Watch by c-info
From Covert Magazine THE MAN WHO KNEW THE FUTURE by Matbooat Chattan Lahore Congress president Maulana Abul Kalam Azad gave the following interview to journalist Shorish Kashmiri for a Lahore based Urdu magazine, Chattan, in April 1946. It was a time when the Cabinet Mission was holding its proceedings in Delhi and Simla. Azad made some startling predictions during the course of the interview, saying that religious conflict would tear apart Pakistan and its eastern half would carve out its own future.

The question is when and where Islam provided for division of territories to settle populations on the basis of belief and unbelief.

  • Does this find any sanction in the Quran or the traditions of the Holy Prophet?
  • Who among the scholars of Islam has divided the dominion of God on this basis?
  • If we accept this division in principle, how shall we reconcile it with Islam as a universal system?
  • How shall we explain the ever growing Muslim presence in non-Muslim lands including India?
  • Do they realise that if Islam had approved this principle then it would not have permitted its followers to go to the non-Muslim lands and many ancestors of the supporters of Pakistan would not have had even entered the fold of Islam?
  • What is the cherished goal of a devout Muslim? Spreading the light of Islam or dividing territories along religious lines to pursue political ambitions?

The impact of western thought and philosophy has made the crisis more serious.

  • How many of the Ulema find an honourable mention in the Muslim history of the last 1,300 years?
  • What is meant by community identity? If this community identity has remained intact during the British slavery, how will it come under threat in a free India in whose affairs Muslims will be equal participants?
  • What attributes of the Muslim state you wish to cultivate?
  • The real issue is the freedom of faith and worship and who can put a cap on that freedom. Will independence reduce the 90 million Muslims into such a helpless state that they will feel constrained in enjoying their religious freedom?
  • If the British, who as a world power could not snatch this liberty, what magic or power do the Hindus have to deny this freedom of religion?

These questions have been raised by those, who, under the influence of western culture, have renounced their own heritage and are now raising dust through political gimmickry.

  • Muslim history is an important part of Indian history. Do you think the Muslim kings were serving the cause of Islam?

They had a nominal relationship with Islam; they were not Islamic preachers. Muslims of India owe their gratitude to Sufis, and many of these divines were treated by the kings very cruelly... Posted by c-info at Saturday, November 28, 2009 Labels: , ,

Nuts and bolts perpetuate social relations and social structure

Dec 8, 2009 Borromean Knots, OOO, and Social and Political Theory
from Larval Subjects by larvalsubjects

For the last couple of years I have tried to draw attention to what I believe is a deleterious trend in Continental social and political theory. Occasionally I have referred to this as a focus on the “discursive”, on other occasions I have referred to it as a focus on the semiotic. In all instances, what I’ve been referring to is a focus on the Imaginary and the Symbolic to the exclusion of the “Real” (as I am using the terms here).

No one these days has a panoptic view of the world of theory.

Adorno, Marcuse, and Horkheimer ... lived between two worlds. Most of us today have not lived through something comparable so the social system comes to seem obvious and natural, without alternative. This gave them a special critical perspective. In a lot of respects, however, the nature of the current social system just seems obvious today and for that reason appears just.

As Bourdieu shows so well in his analysis of academia, each human practice has a tendency to interpret the world and all other human practices in terms of its own practice and the primary media with which it deals. Since those of us in the social sciences and humanities tend to deal with talk and texts, we naturally end up treating texts and talk as what is really real, ignoring the rest.

I think we face a situation very similar to the one Braudel describes with respect to the Enlightenment. In his analysis of the development of capitalism from the 14th century to the 18th century Braudal asks

“why, despite the fact that the idea were there (among Enlightenment thinkers like Hume, Spinoza, Rousseau, Voltaire, etc.), was change so slow to come? Why given that alternative models of governance were now available in the domain of political theory, and given that compelling critiques of reigning institutional structures had been put forward, were social relations so slow to change?”

To answer this question Braudal argues that we have to shift from the domain of the discursive or ideational, the domain of norms, ideologies, texts, beliefs, etc., and look at what he calls material history. His thesis is that it is the domain of material history that inhibits change. When Braudel refers to material history he is referring to the nuts and bolts of a society and how these nuts and bolts tend to perpetuate certain forms of social relations and social structure even when the discursive level has changed. These nuts and bolts refer to very concrete things that are not ideational or textual in character.

For example, we need to begin analyzing things like the availability of resources, how certain economic structures lock people into particular ways of life, whether or not alternative resources are available (as in the case of energy), where infrastructure like good and cheap communications technologies are readily available, how urban and suburban life tends to lock people into particular structures as a matter of necessity, and so on.

In praise of fumbling
Jaithirth Rao Indian Express Tuesday , Dec 08, 2009 The recent crash in Dubai should not come as a surprise to readers of this column...

India, on the other hand, has many people. So raw demand for roads, buildings and other paraphernalia is never a problem. But Indians are poor, very poor. Ay, there’s the rub. Translating the raw demand into effective paying capability is a challenge and therefore the argument needs to be made emphatically that we should not rush into creating too much infrastructure which cannot be paid for. Ironically, delays and our bumbling approach may actually be helping us. Who ever thought that a little Indic tardiness and inefficiency may have a silver lining!

Tuesday, December 08, 2009

Frantz Fanon, CLR James, Mohandas K Gandhi, Marcel Mauss and Karl Polanyi

A human economy for the twenty-first century
from The Memory Bank by keith

Any return to the old compromises is doomed to failure and any reflection on how to reconcile freedom and equality, which remains the goal of democracy in a complex society, can only make progress by taking into account the reactions of people in society. This is one point of agreement between Mauss and Polanyi; we must rely on practical experience for information and analysis, in other words, start from the ‘real economic movement’, not from a programme of social reform given a veneer of realism. This is a conception of social change as self-expression, of change which ‘is by no means committed to revolutionary or radical alternatives, to brutal choices between two contradictory forms of society’ but which ‘is and will be made by a process of building new groups and institutions alongside and on top of the old ones’ (Mauss). Mauss and Polanyi, in outlining the theoretical foundations of a plural approach to the economy, began a reflection on social change that cannot be satisfied with ritual calls to turn the system upside down. In other words, rather than make an abstract appeal to an alternative economy, they have shown us a concrete road to ‘other economies’ based on the field of possibilities already open to us.”

The task of building a global civil society for the twenty-first century is an urgent one and anthropological visions should play their part in that. In looking for twentieth-century antecedents for such a project, I have taken inspiration from the great intellectuals of the anti-colonial revolution, above all from Frantz Fanon (for his prophetic reflections on the Algerian revolution), CLR James (whom I consider to be my mentor) and Mohandas K Gandhi (whose politics was formed during his 20-year stay in the place I have made my second home, Durban). This movement was driven by the aspiration of peoples forced into the world society by western imperialism to make their own independent relationship to it. These intellectuals did not repudiate the legacy of the Enlightenment, only its perversion by Empire as a system of racial exclusion, a matter in which the classical philosophers were themselves implicated. In the process the anti-colonial intellectuals made the original project more inclusive, more human. And I take my lead from them. [...]

As anthropologists, we can do no better than to renew our engagement with the writings of Marcel Mauss and Karl Polanyi. The two authors could be said to be complementary in several ways. One of Mauss’s key modifications to Durkheim’s legacy was to conceive of society as a historical project of humanity whose limits were extended to become ever more inclusive. The point of The Gift is that society cannot be taken for granted as a pre-existent form. It must be made and remade, sometimes from scratch. How do we behave on a first date or on a diplomatic mission? We make gifts. The moiety systems that he starts with are going nowhere. But heroic gift-exchange is designed to push the limits of society outwards. They are ‘liberal’ in a similar sense to the ‘free market’, except that generosity powers the exchange, self-interested for sure, but not in the way associated with homo economicus. Malinowski’s account of the kula ring is the contested origin for Mauss’s discussion. “The whole intertribal kula is merely the extreme case…of a more general system. This takes the tribe itself, in its entirety, out of the narrow sphere of its physical boundaries and even of its interests and rights.” No society is ever economically self-sufficient, least of all these Melanesian islands. So to the need for establishing local limits on social action must always be added the means of extending a community’s reach abroad. This is why markets and money in some form are universal, and why any attempt to abolish them must end in catastrophe.

Polanyi drew attention to how economic institutions organize and are in turn organized by a plurality of distribution mechanisms that, in the modern world, affect the lives of millions of people who participate in them, without being granted any measure of control. This led him to highlight the inequality created by these institutions, as they swing between the poles of market and state, of society’s external and internal relations. In the current crisis, the immediate reaction is to turn to a variety of government institutions, flipping the coin from tails to heads as it were, instead of insisting that states and the markets have to work together in less one-sided ways than before. To this end, Polanyi’s call for a return to social solidarity, drawing especially on the voluntary reciprocity of associations, reminds us that people in general must be mobilized to contribute their energies to the renewal of society. It is not enough to rely on impersonal states and markets.

Polanyi and Mauss made sure that their more abstract understandings of political economy were grounded in the everyday lives of concrete people, thereby lending to field research the power of general ideas. There has been a recent increase in anthropological research on aspects of capitalism, but anthropologists have largely left the global effects of an unequal distribution of money, the class conflict between rich and poor everywhere, to other branches of the academic division of labour, especially to economists of whatever political persuasion.

The missing link between the everyday and the world at large can be found in the work of these two pioneers. An unblinking focus on distribution at every level from the global to the local reveals how the social consequences of political economy and the way it is understood by those who make it are one and the same social process. The current crisis renders this insight particularly visible, since it challenges contemporary financial ideas, while its tangible distributive effects are felt and feared throughout the world. We are clearly witnessing a power struggle of potentially awesome consequences. Each new political response to the latest economic calamity evokes the spectre of the Great Depression and its bloody aftermath.

The project of economics needs to be rescued from the economists. The mask of neo-liberal ideology has been ripped from the politics of world economy. It is up to us to propose an effective replacement. A new institutional economics could be formed out of anthropology, sociology, economic philosophy and world history. This essay is one contribution to that conversation.

Thursday, December 03, 2009

Discover the Himalayan heights of Sri Aurobindo

Savitri Era Tuesday, September 12, 2006 Be Indian, be Aurobindian

The recent controversy over the singing of Vande Mataram had a positive facet in that the name of Sri Aurobindo reverberated in the Blogosphere and his translation of the poem appeared in a number of sites. But the fact that Sri Aurobindo himself is a great poet and creator of the epic, Savitri was hardly mentioned by any.
Reading a sample of such blogs can be a frustrating experience. Instead of delving a little bit deeper and talking about the teachings or writings, often only a skin-deep nationalism is invoked. While such chauvinism might be offering our youth their quota of self-esteem, the kind of intellectual lethargy that it perpetuates is really frightening.
Reading and discussing the works of The Mother and Sri Aurobindo can be a refreshing exercise. If one really takes pride in being an Indian, then he must be willing to undertake a journey to discover the Himalayan heights of Sri Aurobindo. Posted by Tusar N Mohapatra at 2:23 PM

Tusar N. Mohapatra
Ghaziabad, U.P., India
President, Savitri Era Party. [Savitri Era of those who adore, Om Sri Aurobindo & The Mother.] Director, Savitri Era Learning Forum. [SELF posits a model of counselling and communicative action as an instrument in order to stimulate the public sphere. The model aims at supplementing the individual’s struggle for a successful social adjustment with more aspirational inputs so as to help one take an informed and balanced attitude towards life as well as society.] SRA-102-C, Shipra Riviera, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, U.P. - 201014, India. Ph: 0120-2605636 tusarnmohapatra@gmail.com View my complete profile

I hope too that friendly relations between Britain and India replacing the past struggles, will be a step towards a greater world union in which, as a free nation, her spiritual force will contribute to build for mankind a better and happier life. In this light, I offer my public adhesion, in case it can be of any help in your work. -- Sri Aurobindo Message to Sir Stafford Cripps March 31, 1942

The spiritual gift of India to the world has already begun. India's spirituality is entering Europe and America in an ever increasing measure. That movement will grow; amid the disasters of the time more and more eyes are turning towards her with hope and there is even an increasing resort not only to her teachings, but to her psychic and spiritual practice. -- Sri Aurobindo Broadcast on the eve of August 15, 1947

Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. -- C.R. Das, 1909

It matters little that there are thousands of beings plunged in the densest ignorance, He whom we saw yesterday is on earth; His presence is enough to prove that a day will come when darkness shall be transformed into light, and Thy reign shall be indeed established upon earth. -- The Mother March 30, 1914.

Joint Programme in Sri Aurobindo Studies by IGNOU and SACAR
Sri Aurobindo’s Opposition Why the Indian establishment resisted him, MANGESH V. NADKARNI The Indian Express Thursday, March 21, 2002 12:17 PM
Reading Hegel: The Introductions by G.W.F. Hegel (edited and introduced by Aakash Singh and Rimina Mohapatra) ►re.press 2008
Indian Political Thought: A Reader Edited by Aakash Singh and Silika Mohapatra (Routledge, December 2009)

Sri Aurobindo: A Contemporary Reader Edited by Sachidananda Mohanty, Routledge India, 2008

Wednesday, December 02, 2009

Let Harman have his Gibbon, I’ll take my Braudel

Being an Object-Oriented Ontologist and Actor-Network-Theorist is Hard!
from Larval Subjects by larvalsubjects

The impact of internet communication, cable, cell phones, satellite communications, etc., has fundamentally changed the nature of our world, collectively increasing our reality as actors. When I first started studying philosophy around the age of 14 or 15, we only had B. Dalton’s and Walden Books which were little holes in the wall that carried crap. I had to scour the vintage and used book stores for miles around to find anthropology, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and literature texts. And I was forced to read whatever I happened to find, which partially accounts for my eclectic background. Now, however, I can link to the internet on my iPhone while hiking in a wooded park and order the newly released copy of Souriau’s Les différents modes d’existence from France. I can acquire bootleg transcriptions of all of Lacan’s seminars, and online for free, no less! Additionally, SR and OOO would not have been possible without the intertubes or back in 1991. For SR/OOO to come into existence all sorts of relationships had to be forged among eclectic and diverse thinkers in a variety of fields and this simply would not have taken place in the conference format that traditionally brought thinkers together. The nature of research and interaction changes significantly as a result of these new network links, allowing for new forms of organization and resistance.

Floating amidst all this are the semiotic actants or all those signs, legal relations, partially semiotic entities like nations or the Elks, catch phrases (“you’re for us or against us!”), fads, and so on. These too are closely tied to infrastructure as, like highways, these entities must circulate through zero’s and one’s, radio waves, texts, etc. As Bogost is quick to remind us, it makes a big difference whether this infrastructure consists of copper wires, fiber optic cables, soup cans hooked together by taught string, illuminated texts as in the Middle Ages, satellites, etc. For most of us this infrastructure is invisible. Yet the difference between phone signals sent by copper wires and phone signals sent by fiber optic cables is a quantum leap. The former is deeply limited in the number of signals that can be transported across the line at any point in time, while the latter can carry a tremendous amount of signals. In my lifetime it used to be a fairly common occurrence for phone lines to get overloaded. The last time this occurred that I can recall was on September 11th in 2001. When my blog used to be over at Blogger I had a tracker in the html code that showed a map of the globe indicating where all of the visits I was receiving were originating.

One of the most striking things I recall about this map was that there was a narrow band of high traffic visits just north of the equator across the entire globe, from whence the majority of my traffic came. In the United States the majority of the traffic was along the coasts, whereas the center of the country was largely dark. I had hits throughout Europe (especially Great Britain, Northern Europe, and regions of Eastern Europe), while traffic began to drop off further into Eastern Europe and Russia. There was lots of traffic from regions of Australia and New Zealand, traffic from a few cities in Mexico, South and Central America, and cities in Africa. China was entirely blank. These are infrastructural issues pertaining to how the taught strings between all those soup cans are connected up with one another. I find the darkness or lack of visits in the middle regions of the United States particularly interested as this indicates a lack of well developed infrastructure and this lack of communications infrastructure correlates strongly with political party affiliation. If you want a revolution a good start would not be protests in the streets or critiques of ideology or even Badiouian truth-procedures, but quietly making internet, satellite, cable, and cell phone reception readily available in regions where these things aren’t available.

All of these actants and many more both afford and constrain my student, increasing her degree of reality by both connecting her in all sorts of ways that assist in her ability to endure and persist through time and space, but also by increasing the effects she can have on other actants in the world around her. Yet what I’ve outlined here is only the barest sketch of what an object-oriented analysis looks like. It’s still too vague and general, gesturing at relations with other actants without looking at the concrete actants involved and how these networks are organized, their history, their evolution, their dominant tendencies and directions, their interdependencies and how these constrain the possibility of certain forms of change, where “lines of flight” or tendencies of change are breaking free, how those might be assisted, accelerated, and enhanced, and so much more.

In his magnificent three volumes entitled Capitalism & Civilization, Braudel seeks to investigate what he calls “material history”. Material history is the organization of these actants. Braudel’s seeks to determine why, despite the present of certain revolutionary semiotic actants in a historical epoch (semiotic actants), change is nonetheless so slow to come.

  • Why does everything remain largely the same at the level of material life after Hume, Spinoza’s Theologico-Politico Treatise, Voltaire, Diderot, etc?

This question seems pessimistic, as if one were claiming that change is impossible, but it’s precisely the opposite. Only through knowing how networks of actants are actually put together, what actants are involved, how these interactions among actants are organized, etc., does it become possible to locate the bottlenecks or inhibitors of change and devise strategies for undoing these bottlenecks and releasing transformative potentials. Just opening the black box and seeing the networks already imperiles the organization of the network by opening the possibility to think and enact other possibilities.

Most Valuable Books of 2009 from Larval Subjects by larvalsubjects

As the year draws to a close I find myself looking back at this crazy year and those texts that impacted me the most. For me 2009 has been one of those years in which everything changed, where all sorts of old assumptions and fixations dissipated like so much mist, and where I’ve found myself having to rebuild everything from the ground up. Building, of course, always requires materials out of which things must be built. Consequently, it is not so much that all of those old influences (phenomenology, Deleuze, structuralism, semiotics, Lacan, Freud, Marx, Kant, Spinoza, Lucretius, Hume, etc., etc.) disappeared, it is that my relationship to these forms of thought shifted and suddenly I was asking different questions, dealing with different problems, resituating what was important and unimportant in these earlier influences, while also abandoning a number of the problems that motivated these movements and thinkers. This year has felt like an event in the Deleuzian sense of something that fundamentally splits time between a before and an after where everything is different with respect to the after. The most fundamental encounter of 2009 was certainly my encounter with Graham Harman. [...]

Broadly Marxist in his outlook, Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation addresses the questions of freedom, normativity, and emancipatory politics and comes out the other side happily with a non-nihilistic, non-Thrasymachean, account of human emancipation. When I asked whether Bhaskar’s later work is worth reading, a friend once joked to me that it is hard to say given that his prose becomes increasingly constipated with time. This is true. Bhaskar is not easy and his prose only gets worse with his prose after Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. Fortunately, Andrew Collier’s Critical Realism: An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s Philosophy provides an outstanding introduction to his thought, clearly explaining his realist ontology, his epistemology, how he meshes social constructivism with realism, his account of emergence and the stratification of reality, and his social and political theory. And like Bhaskar’s own work, Collier’s book is tightly argued and illuminating on each and every page.

Then, of course, there was Latour. Pandora’s Hope presents a brilliant critique of Plato’s allegory of the cave and how this allegory has persisted in one form or another throughout the history of philosophy, while also developing a powerful solution to the problem of reference, and amazing conceptual analyses of collectives of actants and how they are organized. Latour’s Politics of Nature develops a powerful critique of ecological thought, while also showing what is new and transformative at the heart of ecology. Here Latour develops a new ontology of nature-culture, and completely reworks the fact/norm distinction in ways that dispel a whole host of problems.

The other thought changing works of 2009 were Kenneth Burke’s Grammar of Motives, Dennett’s Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, Patricia Churchland’s Brain-Wise, Catherine Malabou’s What Should We Do With Our Brains?, Stephen J. Gould’s Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Zubiri’s On Essence, Steven Shaviro’s Without Criteria, and Quentin Meillassoux’s After Finitude.

Some of these books are books I’ve returned to again and again over the years, but this year with new eyes. Others I read for the first time. Meillassoux’s After Finitude cured me of correlationism, even if I don’t share his ontology or conclusions. Churchland’s and Malabou’s work introduced me to the importance of neurology and why it cannot be ignored or excluded from the domain of philosophy. Dennett’s book freed me from a number of structuralist and semiotic assumptions with its underdeveloped concept of memes, while also providing me with a number of concepts and arguments for thinking genesis or the production of new forms. Gould’s Structure of Evolutionary Theory is a treasure trove of ontological concepts and categories for thinking emergence and change that are deeply applicable outside the realm of biology.

Shaviro’s Without Criteria helped to free me from the ghetto of Continental philosophy through his powerful presentation of Whitehead, filling me with all sorts of powerful concepts pertaining to events, actual occasions, societies of actual occasions, and the manner in which relations can be transformative. Zubiri’s On Essence possesses all the joy of scholastic philosophy, riddled with marvelous distinctions and arguments, while deliciously turning phenomenology upside down to create a highly original realist ontology or philosophy of existence. I will never understand why Kenneth Burke does not get more attention outside the field of rhetoric. The Grammar of Motives is a treasure trove of concepts, arguments, and analytic tools that develop nothing short of an object oriented philosophy. This text will reward anyone who takes the time to work through it and Burke’s “pentad” proves to be a powerful tool in situating forms of thought and their internal logic.

And in the background of all this was the material history of Ferdinand Braudel in the three volumes of Capitalism and Civilization. Braudel’s three volumes have been my nightly bedtime reading for the last few months. Let Harman have his Gibbon, I’ll take my Braudel. If reading Braudel has been such a transformative experience, then this is because he draws attention away from familiar territory revolving around signs, ideologies, texts, norms, and concepts, investigating instead infrastructures throughout history such as the presence or absence of roads, the epidemiology of diseases, diets, trade routes, clothing, forms of energy, etc., etc., etc..

You leave these works with an entirely new set of glasses, seeing the world and why the world is the way it is in an entirely different light. Suddenly things you were focused on in your social and political thought seem to become less important as a consequence of the rather minor role they play in social organization, while a whole host of other urgent questions come to the fore. What you above all learn is that it is extremely difficult to do responsible and valuable social and political theory because all sorts of things tend to be invisible to us due to their ubiquity. I’m sure there are a number of other texts that are escaping my memory right now, but these are the ones that stand out.

Illuminati gained financial power by usury, or the compound interest

Home About 2009 December 1 by pakalert
The Secret History of Our Time: The Pope and Satan, War and the Anti-Christ, Revelations and the Last Days
by Richard C. Cook

Author’s Note: In order to come up with an accurate understanding of today’s world crisis it is necessary to start looking at it from the spiritual dimension. This essay attempts to do so, using sources acquired during many years of study.

By the latter half of the 19th century, say at the time of the great Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, many visionaries saw mankind poised to enter a Golden Age of peace, prosperity, innovation, and progress. The reason, of course, was the Industrial Revolution, especially the relatively recent harnessing of electricity and what that could mean in terms of bringing the benefits of science and technology to bear on raising standards of living and improving the health, longevity, and culture of the masses. Most promising was the possibility that all the new ways of harnessing the hidden forces of nature could allow everyone the leisure to enjoy life, not just the privileged few.

We know that it did not work out that way. Along with skyscrapers, the telephone, airplanes, and automobiles came the horrors of the 20th century, with its wars, revolutions, genocides, and pestilences. There also came the exploitation of the earth and its resources, especially petroleum, for the enrichment of wealthy minorities in the most heavily-armed nations and the development of arsenals of weapons eventually capable of wiping all life off the planet. [...]

Let us begin to seek an explanation by referring to a little-known incident that is said to have taken place within the Catholic Church.
During the late 19th century, the Church, led by Pope Leo XIII, the third longest-serving pontiff in history, attempted to bring Roman Catholicism up-to-date with respect to the rapid development of science and technology by humanizing and moderating the excesses of industrial capitalism. Pope Leo also favored peace among nations, along with fairness for all economic classes.
Pope Leo’s famous encyclical, entitled Rerum Novarum (Of New Things), published in 1891, marked the founding of the modern Catholic social justice movement while rejecting extreme collectivist economic doctrines. According to Wikipedia, “It supported the rights of labor to form unions, rejected communism and unrestricted capitalism, while affirming the right to private property.”
But at the time Pope Leo published Rerum Novarum, he had already experienced a vision of things to come of an entirely different and deeply disturbing nature. [...]

By the turn of the 20th century, the Satanic clouds were indeed gathering. By 1900, a conspiracy consisting of various European elite groups such as the Illuminati, Freemasons, and Zionists, had begun to take over the world through control of the British Empire. Their vehicle was Cecil Rhodes’ Round Table, financed by theft of the gold and diamond-rich South African provinces from the Dutch Boers. To secure their loot, the British locked up the Boers in the world’s first concentration camps.
One of Rhodes’s objectives, as stated in a series of wills starting in 1877, was “the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire.”[1] Rhodes’ chief executor was his fellow Freemason, Lord Nathan Rothschild. The Masonic lodges of England and France were particular hotbeds of imperialist political agitation.
These groups, which I’ll refer to simply as the Illuminati, using a term common today,[2] moved swiftly to seize control of the U.S. as the 20th century unfolded, succeeding in 1913 through passage by the U.S. Congress of the Federal Reserve Act. Also in 1913 Congress approved the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing the federal income tax that would be needed to pay interest on the large national debt which the Federal Reserve System was intended to generate. As had been done with Great Britain and the Bank of England, the financial system was to be collateralized by mortgaging America’s future through the nation’s tax system.[3]
The method by which the Illuminati gained financial power was usury, or the collection of compound interest on lending, a practice the medieval Church had outlawed. But by the 20th century, the Church had begun to define usury as “excess” interest of which they themselves enjoyed substantial profits through the massive investments of the Vatican Bank.
To illustrate the diabolical nature of usury, economist Michael Hudson, in an article entitled “The Mathematical Economics of Compound Rates of Interest: A Four-Thousand Year Overview, Part I,”[4] cites a book written in 1902 by German economist Michael Flürscheim, entitled A Clue to the Economic Labyrinth.
Flürscheim drew a strong distinction between the ability of physical capital invested in scientific production to create goods of value and the manner by which finance capital expropriates the resulting wealth through interest-bearing debt. [...]

“To the surprise of the king [whose kingdom was being destroyed], this series of doublings “produced an amount larger than the treasures of his whole kingdom could buy. It is this kind of chess-game which capital is continually playing with labor.” The remarkable growth of compound interest would “soon swallow products, capital, the earth and even the workers.”
Here ends the parable, one which contains deep metaphysical truths, for compound interest embodies a power of nature comparable to nuclear energy. When the Illuminati took over the U.S. through the Federal Reserve System, Satan now had at his disposal, through banking, what was becoming the most powerful economy on earth. There followed World War I, by which an alliance among the British crown, that nation’s aristocratic classes, American bankers, Freemasonry, and international Zionism exploited the flower of youth of Europe and America as cannon fodder in order to destroy four great empires. Three of the empires were Christian: the German and the Austro-Hungarian, both largely Roman Catholic,[5] and the Russian, whose religion was Orthodox Christian. The fourth was Islamic: the Ottoman.
America was stampeded into the war by the banker-owned press, even though President Woodrow Wilson treacherously ran for reelection in 1916 on the campaign slogan, “He kept us out of war.” However, the Democratic Party that nominated Wilson in 1912 and again in 1916 had become heavily infiltrated with both Zionist and socialist influences, the latter deriving in part from the Socialist Labor Party founded in New York in 1876. This party was the second oldest socialist political organization in the world, being founded only four years after the Communist International made New York City its world headquarters.
It was the socialists and Masons who were the biggest boosters of Wilson’s entry into the war. In France, World War I was a project run virtually single-handedly by the Paris Grand Orient Lodge. Nowhere on earth did hatred of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Catholicism overflow with such venom as in the French Third Republic.
During World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration in favor of the founding of a Zionist state in Palestine. This eventually became the nation of Israel. Many British Jews who had become assimilated within British society opposed Zionism, as they believed it grew out of a ghetto mentality that would prevent Jews anywhere in the world from living at peace with their neighbors. Their misgivings were prophetic.
The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was also financed by the Illuminati, led by the American Schiff, Warburg, Morgan, Mellon, Carnegie, and Rockefeller interests. The headquarters for their funding of the Bolsheviks was in the same building as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.[6] After the Russian Czar abdicated in 1917, Trotsky, who was in exile in New York, traveled at Illuminati expense with a contingent of communist followers to Russia to help Lenin overthrow the provisional government.
Bolshevism was the work of the Russian Jewish intelligentsia who killed over twenty million Russian Christians in their obliteration of the Czarist empire. This is a travesty the Holocaust “industry” never mentions. [...]

There have been threads of hidden teachings throughout human history that have continuously led individuals to the highest realization. These influences have produced all genuine world religions. They produced the Mysteries of ancient times. They were at the core of different spiritual teachings during European history, including those of the Knights Templars, the Rosicrucians, and the Renaissance schools of art and philosophy.
But teachings degenerate over time, and unscrupulous people get hold of them and try to use them for selfish purposes. The result is black magic, sorcery, even devil worship. The Illuminati are a black magic cult. So is Skull and Bones. So were the Nazis. So are the CIA, the Mossad, MI6, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Bilderberg Group, the Tavistock Institute, and many other organizations that try to use power or wealth or knowledge or related means for the control or destruction of others.
An intense form of black magic is practiced by the mainstream media through use of psychological manipulation for purposes of propaganda or commercialism. In fact the entire Western ruling elite is a black magic death cult with its own perverted rites of initiation. As indicated earlier, what characterizes these people above all is their universal addiction to drugs and sexual promiscuity or perversion.
But genuine esotericism has also been at work in the world. One form of endeavor has been through the transfer of the hidden knowledge of man’s spiritual evolution from centers in the East that have been overrun by war or revolution to individuals, groups, and secret schools in the West.
This happened when Russia was destroyed by the Bolshevik Revolution. The esoteric spark was carried to Paris and London respectively by the Caucasian-Greek spiritual master G.I. Gurdjieff (1866-1949) and his Russian pupil P.D. Ouspensky (1878-1947). [...] Others were Sri Anirvan (1896-1978), Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950), Krishnamurti (1895-1986), and Meher Baba (1894-1969). © Copyright 2009 by Richard C. Cook

Aurobindo, Krishnamurti and Ramana Maharshi – Osho
December 1, 2009 by premG

Arvind is a great system-maker, and a system maker can never be a supra-rational. A system is made with the help of reason. Supra-rational people are always unsystematic; they don’t have a system. System is integral to logic; that which is illogical cannot follow a methodology or order.
The unthinkable cannot be systematized. All the thinkers of this century who have crossed the threshold of reason are fragmentary in their statements; none of them followed a logical order. Wittgenstein, Husserl, Heidegger, Marlo Ponti and the rest of them, have made fragmentary statements. Krishnamurti belongs to the same category which denies system, order. Their statements are atomic, and they contradict themselves.
Arvind’s case is very different. The truth is, after Shankara there has been no greater system-builder in India than Arvind. But this is what makes for the weakness and poverty of his philosophy. He is very skilled in playing with words, concepts and theories. But the irony is that the reality of life is far beyond words, concepts and doctrines. His trouble is that he was wholly educated in the West where he learned Aristotelian logic, Darwinian Theory of Evolution and the scientific way of thinking.
His mind is wholly western; no one in India today is more western in his way of thinking than Arvind.
And ironically he chose to interpret the eastern philosophy, with the result that he reduced the whole thing into a system. The East has no logical system. All its profound insights transcend logic and thought; they cannot be achieved through thinking. Eastern experiences go beyond the known. The knower and knowledge itself; they all belong to the unknown and the unknowable – what we call mystery. And Arvind applies his western mind to interpret the transmental experiences and insights of the East. He divides them into categories and makes a system out of them, which no other eastern person could have done. [...]

Arvind brought with him the idea of evolution from the West. When Arvind was a student in England, Darwin’s ideas were sweeping across Europe. Evidently he was very much influenced by them.
After his return to India he studied eastern philosophy, and studied it deeply. I deliberately use the word ”studied” to say that he did not know the truth on his own, his knowledge was merely intellectual. Although he possessed a sharp intellect, his direct experience of truth was very dim.
Consequently he produced a crossbreed of eastern mysticism and western rationalism, which is an anomaly. India’s psyche is not much concerned with the study of nature, matter and their evolution, it is basically concerned with the understanding of mind and spirit. The meeting of the western thought of evolution with the eastern understanding of the psyche gave rise to a strange idea of psychic evolution, which became Arvind’s lifework. Like nature, he thought consciousness evolves too.

Arvind added something new to the idea of evolution which is his own, and for this very reason it is utterly wrong. Very often original ideas are wrong, because they happen to be the finding of a single person. It is true that traditional beliefs, in the course of time, degenerate into fossils, but they have a validity of their own because millions of people go out to find them. This new idea which built Arvind’s reputation concerns the descent of divine consciousness.

Down the centuries we have believed that man has to rise and ascend to God; it is always an upward journey, an ascent. Arvind thinks otherwise: he thinks that God will descend and meet man. In a way this is also like the two sides of a coin. The truth happens to be exactly in the middle. That truth is that both man and God move towards each other and meet somewhere midway. This meeting always happens somewhere midway, but the old idea emphasized man’s efforts – and not without reason. As far as God is concerned, he is always available to man providing man wants to meet him. That much is certain, and therefore God can be left out of this consideration. But it is not certain that man will make a move to meet God. So it mostly depends on man and his journey towards God, his efforts. God’s journey towards man can be taken for granted. Too much emphasis on God moving toward man is likely to weaken man’s efforts.

Arvind starts from the wrong end when he says that God is going to descend on us. But he has great appeal to people who are not interested in doing anything on their own. They took enthusiastically to Arvind’s idea of the descent of the supramental energy and they rushed to Pondicherry. In recent years more Indians have gone to Pondicherry than anywhere else. There, God could be had for a song. They need not move a finger, because God on his own was on his way to them. There could not be a cheaper bargain than this. And when God descends he will descend on one and all; he will not make any distinctions. Many people believe that Arvind alone, sitting in seclusion at Pondicherry, will work for it and divine energy will be available to all, like the river Ganges was available when it was brought to earth by Bhagirath. Arvind is to be another Bhagirath, and at a much higher level. It has put a premium on man’s greed and led to a lot of illusions.
I think that is a very wrong idea. It is true God descends, but he descends only on those who ascend to him. A great deal depends on the individual and his efforts. Divine energy descends on those who prepare themselves for it, who deserve it. And there is no reason for God to be collectively available to one and all. In fact, God is always available, but only to those who aspire and strive for him. And it is always the individual, not a collective or a society, who walks the path to God. And he has to go all alone. And if God is going to descend on all, why do you think he will exclude animals, trees and rocks?
The experiment that is in process at Pondicherry is utterly meaningless; there has not been a more meaningless experiment in man’s history. It is a waste of effort, but it goes on because it is very comforting to our greed. [...]

Raman’s whole teaching can be collected on a postcard, not even a full page will be needed. And if you want to make a collection of Arvind’s writings, they will fill a whole library. And it is not that Arvind has said all that he wanted to say. He will have to be born again and again to say it all; he had too much to say. This does not mean that he did not bother to attain real knowing because he had already so much to say. No, this was not the difficulty.
Buddha had much to say and he said it. Buddha was like Raman so far as his experience of truth was concerned, and he was like Arvind in general knowledge. [...]

I compare Arvind with Raman and Buddha for a special reason. In the experience of truth, Krishnamurti is very much like Raman, but he lags behind Arvind in knowledge. Of course, he is more articulate and logical than Raman. And there is a great difference between Krishnamurti and Arvind in so far as the use of logic and reason is concerned.
Arvind uses logic to reinforce his arguments; Krishnamurti uses logic to destroy logic; he makes full use of reason in order to lead you beyond reason. But he is not much knowledgeable. That is why I chose Buddha as an example; he compares well with Arvind in knowledge and with Raman in self-knowledge.
As far as Krishnamurti is concerned, he is like Raman in transcendental experience, but he is not scholarly like Arvind... His statements can be condensed to a postcard. - Osho Excerpted from: Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy, Chapter 14.

The Journey in Consciousness – Osho November 25, 2009 by premG

Nietzsche needed a man like Buddha. And because Buddha was not available, and because the Western mind has not yet been able to make it possible for people to go beyond the third, he had to go mad. In the West it is almost a certainty that whenever a person becomes really evolved at the third stage, he starts slipping into madness, because the fourth is not available there yet. If the fourth is available, then the third is very creative. If there is a possibility to surrender the ego, then the ego is of immense value. But the value is in its surrender! [...]

Carl Gustav Jung has said in his memoirs that through observing thousands of people in his whole life, he has come to a few conclusions. One conclusion is that people who are near about forty to forty-five are always facing a religious crisis. Their problem is not psychological, their problem is religious. Near the age of forty-two, forty-five, a man starts looking for the fourth mind. If he cannot find it, then he goes berserk. Then the hunger is there and the nourishment is not available. If he can find it, great beatitude, great benediction arises.

It is almost like at the age of fourteen you become sexually mature. Then you start looking for a partner – for a woman, for a man. You want a love object – near the age of fourteen. Exactly near the age of forty-two another thing in you matures, and you start looking for samadhi, for meditation, for something that goes higher than love, something that goes higher than sex, something that can lead to a more eternal orgasm, more total orgasm. If you can find it then life remains smooth. If you cannot find the door – hunger has arisen and the nourishment is not available – what will you do? You start breaking down: your whole structure is shaken. And when a man breaks down. He always breaks down to the first; he falls to the lowest. - Osho From I Say Unto You, Vol. I, chapter 5. The entire book can be downloaded from: Posted in Osho

Re: a view on kundalini and jung - kelamuni said Yesterday, 9:04 PM:

I agree that Ramana would have been interesting to meet, but then so would 1,000 other sages, yogins, sadhus, sants, etc. Ramana gets press because he had a teaching that was marketable to the West.